Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 22-32, Spring 2006
Cavo-Atrial Anastomosis Technique for Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection to the Superior Vena Cava—The Warden Procedure
Article Outline
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to superior vena cava occurs in about 10 to 15% of all patients with an atrial septal defect. Most commonly one or more pulmonary veins from the right lung connect to the superior vena cava or the right atrium, or both. The usual sinus venosus atrial septal defect occurs above the fossa ovalis immediately beneath the orifice of the superior vena cava, which typically overrides the atrial defect to some extent. Rarely there is no atrial septal defect.1 Because the clinical manifestations of both lesions are similar, it is not unusual to encounter anomalous pulmonary veins at the time of operation for presumed uncomplicated secundum atrial septal defect.
Ideal surgical repair demands complete closure of the atrial septal defect and redirection of the anomalous pulmonary veins into the left atrium without pulmonary venous or superior vena cava obstruction and without injury to the sinus node or its blood supply. Normally this is simple when the anomalous pulmonary veins are close to the right atrium. However when they enter further up the superior vena cava, the surgical treatment can be more complex. Various techniques have been described using prosthetic grafts, pericardial patches, or atrial wall flaps to baffle the anomalous pulmonary veins into the left atrium. An alternative atrio-caval anastomosis technique has been utilized at our institution for 42 years to lessen the risk of undesirable complications, particularly sinus node dysfunction.
Comments
The cavo-atrial anastomosis technique has been our preferred treatment for patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection where the anomalous right pulmonary veins insert into the superior vena cava away from the SVC–right atrial junction. In 1995, the authors updated their series on this approach.2 Forty patients ranging from 14 months to 52 years old had undergone this operative approach designed to minimize trauma to the sinus node and its arterial blood supply. All patients remained asymptomatic without residual intracardiac defects. Sinus node syndrome developed late in only one patient, but no patient required a pacemaker. One patient developed superior vena cava obstruction early in our experience when excision of excess trabeculae in the right atrial appendage was not performed. Since 1995 an additional 15 patients have undergone the Warden procedure without superior vena caval obstruction, pulmonary venous obstruction, or sinus node dysfunction.
Shahriari and colleagues recently reported on 54 patients with sinus venosus atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection.3 Thirteen patients had a Warden procedure because the anomalous right pulmonary vein inserted into the high SVC. One patient developed symptomatic pulmonary venous obstruction from a contracted pericardial patch baffle, which required revision. Other authors have published smaller series of patients undergoing the Warden procedure with low incidence of pulmonary venous obstruction, sinus node dysfunction, and superior vena caval obstruction.4, 5
The Warden procedure is a good operative approach for patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the right superior vena cava above the SVC–right atrial junction. This technique avoids incisions across the sinus node artery or in the imminent vicinity of the sinus node. The low incidence of sinus node dysfunction in our series remains gratifying. Recently the authors have more frequently used a pericardial or Gore-Tex patch for the intracardiac baffle, rather than coapting the atrial wall above the superior vena cava orifice to the lower border of the sinus venous atrial septal defect, although we saw no pulmonary venous obstruction or residual intracardiac defects in those patients who had the coaptation technique.
Operative Technique
Fig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 4Fig. 5Fig. 6Fig. 7Fig. 8Fig. 9Fig. 10
Figure 1.
After a sternotomy incision, the pericardium is widely opened. The right superior vena cava is circumferentially dissected out from the SVC–right atrial junction to the SVC–bridging left innominate vein junction. If the right SVC is small, the presence of a left superior vena cava should be as suspected. Bulbous enlargement of the superior vena cava at the cavo-atrial junction suggests partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The anomalous right pulmonary veins draining into the superior vena cava are carefully dissected out. Entry into the right pleural space occasionally will improve visualization of the anomalous right pulmonary veins. The azygos vein is also circumferentially dissected out. Ao = aorta; IVC = inferior vena cava; MPA = main pulmonary artery; RA = right atrium; RV = right ventricle; SA = sinoatrial; SVC = superior vena cava.
Figure 2.
The azygos vein is doubly ligated and divided. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass is instituted after cannulation of the ascending aorta and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava cannula is inserted through the lateral wall of the right atrium and threaded into the right atrial appendage. The tip of the right atrial appendage is amputated and enlarged to the diameter of the cephalad superior vena cava. Complete excision of the trabeculae in the right atrial appendage enhances its expandability and reduces the risk of superior vena cava obstruction. Two vascular clamps are placed across the superior vena cava above the entrance of the highest anomalous right pulmonary vein. A transverse venotomy is made. SVC = superior vena cava.
Figure 3.
The superior vena cava cannula is threaded out the atrial appendage and inserted through the transverse incision in the superior vena cava. Full cardiopulmonary bypass is established. The caval transection is completed. The caudad superior vena cava stump is oversewn above the insertion of the highest anomalous right pulmonary vein. The cephalad superior vena cava stump is sewn to the amputated right atrial appendage with running 5-0 prolene suture. RA = right atrium; SVC = superior vena cava.
Figure 4.
Alternatively a venous cannula can be inserted directly into the high superior vena cava near the SVC–bridging left innominate vein junction.
Figure 5.
If there is a persistent left superior vena cava, a venous cannula is also inserted into the left SVC. SVC = superior vena cava.
Figure 6.
Hypothermic cardioplegic arrest is induced. A high right atriotomy exposes a sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Occasionally a small secundum ASD or PFO will also be present in the interatrial septum. The left-sided pulmonary veins should be identified returning into the left atrium. ASD = atrial septal defect; SA = sinoatrial.
Figure 7.
The anomalous right pulmonary venous return is directed across the sinus venosus atrial septal defect into the left atrium by coaptation of the free edge of the atrial septal defect to the atrial wall just above the intracardiac orifice of the superior vena cava. ASD = atrial septal defect.
Figure 8.
Alternatively a pericardial patch or a Gore-Tex patch can be used to redirect the anomalous pulmonary venous return into the left atrium.
Figure 9.
If an atrial septal defect is not present, a defect in the interatrial septum can be created near the usual location of a sinus venosus atrial septal defect. The anomalous right pulmonary venous return can then be redirected into the left atrium by either of the described techniques. ASD = atrial septal defect.
Figure 10.
The right atriotomy is then closed. This technique avoids incisions or suture lines in the area of the sinus node or the sinus node artery. RPA = right pulmonary artery; SA = sinoatrial.
References
- Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the right side of the heart . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1989;98:861–868
- . Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava . Ann Thorac Surg . 1995;60(suppl):614–617
- Caval division technique for sinus venosus atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection . Ann Thorac Surg . 2006;81:224–230
- Repair of anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava . Ann Thorac Surg . 1995;59:1471–1475
- Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (correction by intra-atrial baffle and cavo-atrial anastomosis) . J Card Surg . 2002;17:166–169
PII: S1522-2942(06)00030-4
doi:10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2006.03.001
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 22-32, Spring 2006
